Activity 3.3.1 Air Pollution Core Activity

 (1) Air Pollution Basics

Sulfur Pollutants

Sulfur pollutants primarily come from burning fossil fuels, especially coal and oil, as well as from industrial processes such as refining petroleum and smelting metals. The most common sulfur pollutant is sulfur dioxide (SO₂), a gas that contributes to respiratory issues and environmental damage. When SO₂ reacts with water in the atmosphere, it forms sulfuric acid, a key component of acid rain, which harms soil, water bodies, and plant life. High concentrations of sulfur pollutants can also reduce visibility and contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), further worsening air quality.  

Nitrogen Pollutants

Nitrogen pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), come from vehicle exhaust, power plants, and industrial activities. These gases contribute to ground-level ozone (O₃) and smog formation, leading to respiratory issues such as asthma and lung infections. Nitrogen oxides also play a significant role in acid rain, which damages forests, lakes, and buildings. Additionally, excessive nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere can lead to nutrient pollution in water bodies, causing harmful algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels and harm aquatic life.  

Hydrocarbon and Volatile Organic Compound Pollutants 

Hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are pollutants released from vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and the use of chemical products like paints and solvents. These compounds easily evaporate into the air and react with nitrogen oxides in sunlight to form ground-level ozone and smog. Some VOCs, such as benzene and formaldehyde, are toxic and can cause serious health effects, including respiratory issues, organ damage, and even cancer. Controlling VOC emissions is essential for reducing air pollution and improving air quality in urban and industrial areas.

(2) Comparison of Current AQI

Comparison of Current AQI

Time of Day

AQI Current

AQI Forecast

PM2.5

O3

Lahore, Pakistan (highest)

8:00 am

122

Poor

47

15

78250 San Antonio

10:00 pm

32

Good

5

33

Los Angeles, CA

9:00 pm

26

Good

5

26


The AQI levels in Lahore, San Antonio, and Los Angeles show significant differences. Lahore has the highest AQI at 122, categorized as "Poor," while San Antonio and Los Angeles have much lower AQIs of 32 and 26, respectively, both classified as "Good." The PM₂.₅ levels in Lahore are also the highest at 47, whereas San Antonio and Los Angeles both have significantly lower PM₂.₅ levels at 5. Ozone (O₃) levels vary across the locations, with San Antonio having the highest at 33, followed by Los Angeles at 26, and Lahore with the lowest at 15.

Despite these differences, there are some similarities. Both San Antonio and Los Angeles have the same PM₂.₅ level of 5 and are classified as having "Good" AQI. The ozone levels in these two U.S. cities are also relatively higher compared to Lahore, which has the lowest O₃ concentration. Lahore stands out as having the worst air quality due to its significantly higher AQI and PM₂.₅ levels. In contrast, San Antonio has the lowest AQI, indicating the best air quality among the three locations.


(3) Comparison of Current PM 2.5 and O3 (Ozone).

Comparison of Current PM2.5 and O3 to EPA Standards

National Standard

San Antonio Current measured over 1 hour

Time of Day

PM2.5 

Average measured over 24 hours -  7 μg/m3

5 µg/m3

10:30 pm

O3 

Average measured over 8 hours - 70 ppb (1 µg/m3) 

2 ppb

10:30 pm




PM₂.₅ consists of tiny airborne particles, 2.5 micrometers or smaller, that come from sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and wildfires. Because of their small size, these particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Exposure to PM₂.₅ can cause respiratory issues, worsen asthma, and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and lung damage. Long-term exposure may lead to chronic health problems and, in severe cases, premature death.  


Ozone (O₃) is a gas that forms naturally in the upper atmosphere but becomes a harmful pollutant at ground level due to chemical reactions between emissions from vehicles and industries in the presence of sunlight. Breathing in ground-level ozone can cause throat irritation, coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath. It is particularly dangerous for people with asthma or other lung conditions, as it can worsen symptoms and reduce lung function over time. Prolonged exposure to high ozone levels can contribute to chronic respiratory diseases and increased hospital visits.





Citations:


https://www.aqi.in/us/dashboard/united-states/texas/leon-valley/san-antonio-northwest/o3


https://www.airnow.gov/


https://gispub.epa.gov/airnow/





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